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Caryatids are sculpted female figures used in architecture as supporting columns. The most famous examples are the Caryatids of the Erechtheion on the Acropolis of Athens. The term originates from the ancient Greek word "karyatides," referring to the women of Caryae, a town in the Peloponnese. The architectural use of Caryatids, particularly at the Erechtheion, is believed to be a symbolic representation of the women of Caryae, who were punished for siding with the Persians during the Greco-Persian Wars.
Here's a more detailed look at their history:
Origin and Meaning:
The word "Caryatid" comes from the ancient Greek word "karyatides," which translates to "maidens of Caryae".
Caryae was a town in Laconia, where, according to legend, the women were punished for their town's alliance with the Persians.
The story, as related by the Roman architect Vitruvius, suggests the Caryatids were meant to symbolize the enslaved women of Caryae, burdened with the task of supporting the building as a lasting reminder of their city's disgrace.
However, another theory links the name to the cult of Artemis Caryatis, where young women danced in her honor, carrying baskets on their heads.
Architectural Use:
Caryatids were used as an alternative to columns in Greek architecture, particularly in the Ionian order.
Early examples can be found in the Treasuries of Delphi, including the Siphnian Treasury, dating back to the 6th century BC.
The most famous Caryatids are the six female figures supporting the south porch of the Erechtheion in Athens.
These Caryatids are depicted in graceful contrapposto poses, draped in peplos and himation, and are believed to represent priestesses or young women associated with religious rituals.
They were originally painted in vibrant colors, enhancing their lifelike appearance, according to a Facebook post from the Albright Knox Art Gallery.
The Erechtheion's Caryatids were not just decorative; they were integral to the structure's support.
Legacy and Influence:
The Caryatids of the Erechtheion are a powerful example of the integration of art and architecture.
Their image has been widely reproduced and adapted in various architectural styles throughout history.
Roman architects also adopted Caryatids, including their use in Hadrian's Villa at Tivoli.
In modern times, Caryatids can be seen in Parisian fountains and other public spaces.
One of the original Caryatids from the Erechtheion is now housed in the British Museum, while replicas stand at the original site.

https://www.theacropolismuseum.gr/en/conservation-antiquities/karyatids-erechtheion